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Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

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The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
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Factors Affecting Workability

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Updated: Aug 18, 2025

A Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System

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Study on Mix Proportion Optimization and Microstructure of Coal-Based Solid Waste (CSW) Backfill Material Based on

Xinyuan Zhao¹, Ke Yang², Xiang He¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|December 11, 2022

Summary

Optimizing coal solid waste (CSW) backfill material using fly ash, gasification coarse slag, FGD gypsum, and coal gangue at a 25% ratio enhances mine safety and waste disposal. This research provides a valuable reference for applying CSW in underground backfilling.

Keywords:

backfill material coal-based solid waste microstructure mix proportion optimization multi-objective decision model

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Area of Science:

Geotechnical Engineering
Waste Management
Materials Science

Background:

Underground backfilling is crucial for large-scale solid waste disposal and mine stability.
Optimizing the mix proportion of backfill materials is a complex multi-objective problem.
Coal solid waste (CSW) components like coal gangue (CG), fly ash (FA), FGD gypsum, and gasification coarse slag (GCS) offer potential for backfill.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the optimal mix proportion of CSW for backfill material with superior engineering properties.
To evaluate the influence of different solid waste components on backfill material characteristics.
To establish optimal ordinary portland cement (OPC) content and mass concentration for effective mine backfilling.

Main Methods:

Single-factor transformation method was used to test fluidity and strength.
Slump-flow, bleeding rate, and early strength (3-day and 7-day) were analyzed.
Multi-objective decision model, MIP, XRD, and SEM-EDS were employed for analysis.

Main Results:

The optimal mix proportion for CSW backfill was identified as FA: GCS: FGD gypsum: CG = 25%:25%:25%:25%.
Optimal ordinary portland cement (OPC) content was determined to be 10% of total solid waste, with a mass concentration of 78%.
Characterization of pore structure, micromorphology, and composition confirmed suitability for mine backfilling.

Conclusions:

The optimized CSW backfill material exhibits favorable properties for underground applications.
This research offers a practical solution for solid waste disposal and resource utilization in mining.
The findings provide a valuable reference for the field application of CSW in underground mine backfilling.