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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

27.2K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
27.2K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.3K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.3K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

7.9K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
7.9K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.4K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.4K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

4.8K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
4.8K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

3.6K
Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
3.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
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Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

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Current Progress on Methods and Technologies for Catalytic Methane Activation at Low Temperatures.

François Nkinahamira1, Ruijie Yang2, Rongshu Zhu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|December 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Scientists are developing efficient catalysts to activate methane (CH4) at low temperatures. This review covers catalysts for methane conversion, aiming for economic and environmental benefits.

Keywords:
CH bond activationlow-temperaturemethane activationnoble metal-based catalyststransition metal-based catalysts

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Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
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Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Methane (CH4) is a valuable energy source but also a potent greenhouse gas.
  • Activating methane's inert C-H bonds typically requires high temperatures.
  • Low-temperature methane conversion is crucial for economic and environmental sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review efficient catalysts for low-temperature methane activation and conversion.
  • To summarize advancements in catalytic methane oxidation.
  • To provide guidelines for designing novel methane conversion catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing noble metal and transition metal-based catalysts for CH4 activation (50-500 °C).
  • Discussing various low-temperature partial oxidation techniques: thermocatalysis, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and nonthermal plasma.
  • Analyzing challenges and future perspectives in catalyst design.

Main Results:

  • Noble and transition metal catalysts effectively lower methane oxidation temperatures.
  • Diverse catalytic approaches demonstrate feasibility for low-temperature CH4 conversion.
  • Significant progress has been made in enhancing conversion efficiencies.

Conclusions:

  • Catalyst design is key to overcoming methane's inertness at low temperatures.
  • Further research is needed to optimize catalysts for complete/partial methane oxidation.
  • Developing efficient low-temperature methane conversion technologies offers substantial economic and environmental advantages.