Delivery of intensity-modulated electron therapy by mechanical scanning: An algorithm study

In principle, intensity-modulated electron therapy (IMET) can be delivered through mechanical scanning, with a robotic arm mounting a linac.

Here is a scanning algorithm to identify the back-and-forth, top-to-bottom (zigzag) pattern scan sequence. The algorithm includes generating beam positions with a uniform resolution according to the applicator size; adopting discrete energies to achieve the depth of 90% dose by compositing energies; selecting energy by locating the target's distal edge; and employing the energy-by-energy scan strategy for step-and-shoot discrete scanning. After a zigzag scan sequence is obtained, the delivery order of the scan spots is optimized by fast simulated annealing (FSA) to minimize the path length. For algorithm evaluation, scan sequences were generated using the computed tomography data of 10 patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing intraoperative radiotherapy, and the results were compared between the zigzag path and an optimized path. A simple calculation of the treatment delivery time, which comprises the irradiation time, the total robotic arm moving time, the time for energy switch, and the time to stop and restart the beam, was also made.

In these clinical cases, FSA optimization shortened the path lengths by 12%-43%. Assuming the prescribed dose was 15 Gy, machine dose rate was 15 Gy/s, energy switch time was 2 s, stop and restart beam time was 20 ms, and robotic arm move speed was 50 mm/s, the average delivery time was 124±38 s. The largest reduction in path length yielded an approximately 10% reduction in the delivery time, which can be further reduced by increasing the machine dose rate and the robotic arm speed, decreasing the time for energy switch, and/or developing more efficient algorithms.

Mechanically scanning IMET is potentially feasible and worthy of further exploration.