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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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CD27 on human memory B cells-more than just a surface marker.

Ola Grimsholm1

  • 1Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|December 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Immunological memory, crucial for fighting infections, relies on memory B cells. This review explores CD27+ human memory B cells and how immunoglobulin sequencing reveals their development.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immunological memory protects against reinfection via plasma cells and memory lymphocytes.
  • Memory B cells are key precursors for plasma cells during secondary infections.
  • Human memory B cell heterogeneity is complex, with surface markers like CD27 and molecular traits defining subpopulations.

Approach:

  • This review focuses on recent findings concerning CD27+ human memory B cells.
  • It examines their roles in both health and disease.
  • Immunoglobulin (Ig) sequencing is highlighted as a tool to understand memory B cell evolution.

Key Points:

  • CD27 is a primary marker for human memory B cells.
  • Somatic mutations and isotype switching (e.g., to IgG) are common molecular traits in adult memory B cells.
  • Understanding memory B cell heterogeneity is vital for immunological research.

Conclusions:

  • CD27+ memory B cells are critical components of the human immune system.
  • Further research using techniques like Ig sequencing can elucidate their developmental trajectories.
  • Insights into memory B cells have implications for understanding and treating diseases.