Epidemics and epidemiology: back to the future

Area of Science:

• * Epidemiology and Public Health

Background:

• * The term "epidemiology" first appeared in 1583, linked to plague control.
• * Historically, epidemiology focused on understanding, controlling, and preventing epidemics.
• * The London Society of Epidemiology was established in 1848 during a cholera outbreak.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To trace the historical evolution of epidemiology.
• * To examine the shift from epidemic control to risk factor analysis in chronic diseases.
• * To propose a reconsideration of foundational epidemiological principles for future applications.

Main Methods:

• * Historical review of epidemiological concepts and practices.
• * Analysis of the impact of chronic diseases on epidemiological approaches.
• * Discussion of methodological advancements and their implications.

Main Results:

• * Epidemiology's focus shifted from communicable to non-communicable diseases.
• * Methodological advancements have increased complexity but reduced field control experience.
• * A gap exists between complex methodologies and practical epidemic control.

Conclusions:

• * Modern epidemiology faces challenges due to increased complexity and reduced field experience.
• * A partial return to the origins of epidemiology may be beneficial for future public health.
• * Re-emphasizing foundational principles is crucial for effective epidemic prevention and control.