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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

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Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
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Bone Turnover Markers: Basic Biology to Clinical Applications.

Marian Schini1,2, Tatiane Vilaca1, Fatma Gossiel1

  • 1Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.

Endocrine Reviews
|December 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are valuable tools in research and clinical practice. Understanding factors affecting BTMs is crucial for accurate interpretation in diagnosing bone diseases.

Keywords:
C-telopeptides of type I collagenbiochemical markers of bone turnoverbone alkaline phosphataseosteocalcintartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5burinary N-telopeptides of type I collagen

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are widely utilized in research and clinical settings.
  • Significant advancements in BTM measurement and interpretation have occurred over the last two decades.
  • Key BTMs include bone formation markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, procollagen I N-propeptide) and resorption markers (serum/urinary C-telopeptides of type I collagen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of bone turnover markers.
  • To discuss the measurement techniques and interpretation of BTMs.
  • To highlight factors influencing BTM variability and their clinical applications.

Main Methods:

  • BTMs are typically measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or automated immunoassay.
  • Data synthesis on BTM measurement, interpretation, and influencing factors.
  • Correlation with bone biopsy and radiotracer kinetics methods.

Main Results:

  • BTM variability is influenced by uncontrollable factors (age, gender, ethnicity) and controllable factors (fasting state, circadian rhythms, exercise, menstrual cycle).
  • Other factors affecting BTMs include pregnancy, season, medications, and recent fractures.
  • BTMs demonstrate correlation with bone biopsy and radiotracer kinetics, validating their utility.

Conclusions:

  • BTMs are reliable indicators of bone turnover.
  • Accurate interpretation of BTMs requires consideration of numerous influencing factors.
  • BTMs are instrumental in the diagnosis and management of various bone disorders, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder.