Heterogeneity of neutrophils in cancer: one size does not fit all

Neutrophils play an essential role in the defense against bacterial infections and orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. With their abundant numbers, diverse function and short life span, these cells are at the forefront of immune responses, and have gained attention in recent years because of their presence in tumor sites. Neutrophil involvement pertains to tumor cells' ability to construct a suitable tumor microenvironment (TME) that accelerates their own growth and malignancy, by facilitating their interaction with surrounding cells through the circulatory and lymphatic systems, thereby influencing tumor development and progression. Studies have indicated both pro- and anti-tumor properties of infiltrating neutrophils. The TME can exploit neutrophil function, recruitment, and even production, thus resulting in pro-tumor properties of neutrophils, including promotion of genetic instability, tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and suppression of anti-tumor or inflammatory response. In contrast, neutrophils can mediate anti-tumor resistance by direct cytotoxicity to the tumor cells or by facilitating anti-tumor functions via crosstalk with T cells. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the effects of neutrophil heterogeneity under homeostatic and tumor conditions, including neutrophil phenotype and function, in cancer biology.