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Blood Flow

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.

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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Reliability of Doppler Ultrasound in Measuring Leg Blood Flow

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Equine blood flow restriction training: Safety validation.

Sherry A Johnson¹, David D Frisbie¹, Gregg M Griffenhagen¹

¹Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

Equine Veterinary Journal

|December 14, 2022

Summary

Blood flow restriction (BFR) did not cause forelimb dysfunction in horses. Limb occlusion pressure (LOP) varied significantly between horses and limbs, necessitating individualized application for optimal rehabilitation.

Keywords:

blood flow restriction horse occlusion rehabilitation

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Equine Rehabilitation
Biomechanical Analysis

Background:

Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a rehabilitative tool for human orthopaedics.
Patient-specific occlusion percentages are standard in humans for improved outcomes and safety.
Lack of safety validation and limb occlusion pressure (LOP) data in horses.

Purpose of the Study:

Validate BFR safety by assessing forelimb biomechanical gait dysfunction.
Investigate inter-horse and inter-limb differences in LOP for horses.

Main Methods:

Controlled in vivo experiment with daily unilateral forelimb BFR in four horses over 56 days.
Clinical examinations and gait analyses on Days 0, 28, and 56.
Doppler evaluation to determine LOP for 80% vascular occlusion; linear mixed model for gait parameter analysis.

Main Results:

No significant differences in forelimb lameness, kinetic, or kinematic gait parameters over time or between BFR-exposed and control limbs.
No clinically apparent complications (e.g., thrombosis, dermatitis) observed.
Significant differences in mean LOP between horses and between left (204.48 mmHg) and right (173.78 mmHg) forelimbs.

Conclusions:

BFR exposure did not induce forelimb biomechanical dysfunction in the studied horses.
Applied pressures of 75-151 mmHg may approximate 50%-80% occlusion in horses.
Individualized LOP assessment is crucial due to physiological variations between horses and limbs.