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Reproduction in a changing world.

Richard A Anderson1, Martha Hickey2

  • 1MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Fertility and Sterility
|December 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global fertility rates are declining, especially in high-income countries, due to factors like education and contraception. However, some high-income nations see rising fertility with improved childcare and parental leave policies.

Keywords:
Total fertility ratematernal agepopulation change

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Area of Science:

  • Demography
  • Sociology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Global population growth contrasts with declining fertility rates in many high-income countries (HICs).
  • The demographic transition, driven by education and contraception, lowers fertility in low- and middle-income countries, but with less impact on age distribution compared to HICs.
  • Shifting societal norms and economic factors influence fertility trends, impacting age structures globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the complex factors influencing current fertility rate trends in high-income countries.
  • To examine the interplay between socioeconomic changes, policy interventions, and reproductive decisions.
  • To understand the drivers behind the increasing prevalence of elective egg freezing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of demographic data and socioeconomic trends in high-income countries.
  • Analysis of policy impacts on fertility rates, including childcare and parental leave.
  • Exploration of societal factors affecting family planning and reproductive choices.

Main Results:

  • While education and contraception continue to lower fertility in many nations, some HICs show increasing rates due to supportive policies like subsidized childcare and paid parental leave.
  • Despite these increases, a growing number of women remain childless or unable to achieve their desired family size.
  • Factors such as delayed childbearing, the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental influences (e.g., obesity), and limited understanding of reproductive aging contribute to fertility challenges and a rise in elective egg freezing.

Conclusions:

  • Fertility trends are increasingly influenced by a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors, policy interventions, and individual reproductive choices.
  • Supportive family policies can counteract declining fertility rates in high-income countries, though challenges remain.
  • Increased awareness of reproductive aging and evolving societal norms are key to understanding contemporary fertility patterns and related reproductive technologies.