Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

1.9K
The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
1.9K
The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

38.4K
Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
38.4K
Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

101.6K
Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
101.6K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

47.6K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
47.6K
π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

9.4K
Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
9.4K
Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

11.5K
Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is...
11.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-term outcomes and exploratory analysis from a randomized phase 3 trial of radiation dose escalation in definitive chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy·2026
Same author

Bidirectional associations of hypertension and chronic kidney disease risks under metal exposure: A mixture exposure and exploratory decomposition analysis.

Medicine·2026
Same author

ChSCL9 negatively regulates citric acid accumulation via repressing PH4-PH5 module in kumquat.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for resectable cT3-4a esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A matched cohort analysis.

Precision radiation oncology·2026
Same author

Enantiospecific Homo-Boron-Wittig Reaction: Direct Conversion of Chiral Epoxides to Cyclopropanes.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Suppression of host salicylic acid defense by a phloem-colonizing pathogen effector in citrus Huanglongbing.

Cell host & microbe·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Published on: November 22, 2016

7.8K

A Free Phosphaborene Stable at Room Temperature.

Jiancheng Li1, Zhihao Lu1, Liu Leo Liu1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers isolated stable free phosphaborenes, phosphorus-boron analogues of alkynes, using electron push-pull substituents and bulky groups. This breakthrough enables new synthetic routes for multiply bonded main group compounds.

More Related Videos

Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus
14:07

Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus

Published on: October 3, 2014

13.7K
Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain
08:00

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Published on: March 27, 2018

11.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Published on: November 22, 2016

7.8K
Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus
14:07

Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus

Published on: October 3, 2014

13.7K
Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain
08:00

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain

Published on: March 27, 2018

11.1K

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Main Group Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Free phosphaborenes (R-P═B-R), analogous to alkynes, represent a significant synthetic challenge due to their inherent instability.
  • The isolation of such species is a long-sought-after goal in main group chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve the isolation of a crystalline free phosphaborene at room temperature.
  • To explore the electronic structure and reactivity of this novel compound.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a phosphaborene with a combination of π-donating and π-accepting substituents.
  • Incorporation of bulky flanking arene rings to provide kinetic protection.
  • Characterization of the isolated crystalline phosphaborene.

Main Results:

  • Successful isolation of a crystalline free phosphaborene (5) at room temperature.
  • Demonstration of electron push-pull cooperation and kinetic stabilization preventing oligomerization.
  • Observation of facile (cyclo)addition reactions with aldehydes, ketones, and carbon disulfide, including double bond cleavage with CS2.

Conclusions:

  • The developed strategy enables the isolation of stable free phosphaborenes.
  • This work significantly impacts the future synthesis of ambiphilic heterodiatomic multiply bonded main group species.
  • The phosphaborene exhibits a conventional σ bond and a delocalized π bond with lone pair contribution from phosphorus.