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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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How can imported monkeypox break the borders? A rapid systematic review.

Ramy Mohamed Ghazy1, Elsayed Mohamed Hammad2, Mohamed Ashraf Hall3

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Monkeypox, an emerging illness, requires global surveillance and trained health professionals to manage imported cases. Understanding transmission routes, including travel and contact, is key to preventing further spread.

Keywords:
Disease surveillanceEmerging infectionImported infectionInfectious diseaseMonkeypoxNigeria

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Monkeypox designated an emerging illness in 2018 by WHO, requiring urgent research and public health action.
  • Focus on imported monkeypox cases to prevent wider dissemination.
  • Systematic review of global literature on monkeypox importation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze imported monkeypox cases globally.
  • To identify transmission routes and risk factors associated with imported monkeypox.
  • To inform strategies for preventing the spread of monkeypox.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 21 studies.
  • Electronic database searches (Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase).
  • Manual searching and grey literature review.

Main Results:

  • 113 imported monkeypox cases identified worldwide.
  • Travel history linked to Nigeria and European countries.
  • Transmission routes include sexual contact, direct contact with infected individuals, nosocomial infections, bushmeat consumption, and rodent carcasses.
  • All identified clades were West African.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced surveillance systems and point-of-entry screening are crucial for global health security.
  • Training healthcare professionals for accurate diagnosis and management of imported monkeypox is essential.
  • Effective health communication on monkeypox prevention and control empowers individuals and communities.