Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

82
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
82
What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

115.9K
Overview
115.9K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.6K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.6K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

23.7K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
23.7K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

46.5K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
46.5K
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

877
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
877

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identification and structure determination of a type III-Bv CRISPR complex that post-translationally modifies an associated toxin.

Structure (London, England : 1993)·2026
Same author

Integrating mass spectrometry with Nanopore direct RNA sequencing for <i>de novo</i> modification profiling of bacteriophage MS2.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A census of anti-CRISPR proteins reveals AcrIE9 and AcrIE13 as inhibitors of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> K12 type IE CRISPR-Cas system.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Structural basis of RNA-guided DNA integration by type I CRISPR-associated transposases.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Temperate phages enhance bacterial host fitness via RNA-guided flagellar remodelling.

Nature microbiology·2026
Same author

Flying under the radar: immune-evasive DNA for genome engineering.

Cell research·2026
Same journal

Gut commensal Bacteroides-derived pantothenic acid alleviates metabolic syndrome.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Predicting antimicrobial resistance for precision medicine.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Meta-analysis reveals microbiome signatures for colorectal cancer that are universal across age groups and sequencing methods.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Single-cell detection and quantification of the microbiota by MicFLY.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

Suppression of host salicylic acid defense by a phloem-colonizing pathogen effector in citrus Huanglongbing.

Cell host & microbe·2026
Same journal

CBASS limits bacteriophage production while maintaining cell viability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Cell host & microbe·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

6.9K

A viral "codebreaker" intercepts a host alarm.

Artem Nemudryi1, Anna Nemudraia1, Tanner Wiegand2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|December 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses use phage-encoded "codebreakers" to intercept cellular alarm signals. This discovery reveals how viruses disable host defenses, enabling successful infection.

More Related Videos

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

11.1K
Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
10:40

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

26.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

6.9K
Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
11:28

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

11.1K
Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods
10:40

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

Published on: December 21, 2019

26.0K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Immune systems detect pathogens using diverse nucleotide-derived alarm signals.
  • Viruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract host immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify viral factors that interfere with host immune signaling.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms by which viruses evade immune detection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral genomes to identify novel gene families.
  • Functional characterization of identified viral proteins in host cells.
  • Biochemical assays to study signal interception mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a novel family of phage-encoded proteins termed "codebreakers".
  • Demonstration that these codebreakers specifically target and intercept nucleotide-derived immune signals.
  • Evidence that codebreaker activity renders host cells susceptible to viral infection.

Conclusions:

  • Phage-encoded codebreakers represent a sophisticated viral immune evasion strategy.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform the development of new antiviral therapies.
  • This work sheds light on the intricate interplay between viral and host immune systems.