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Related Concept Videos

Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂01:29

Role of Reduced Coenzymes NADH and FADH₂

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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

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Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
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Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Investigating Cardiac Metabolism in the Isolated Perfused Mouse Heart with Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate and 13C/31P NMR Spectroscopy
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Sharing the load in NAD metabolism.

Francesca S Gazzaniga1

  • 1Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|December 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a symbiotic gut relationship where microbes use host nicotinamide for NAD+ production. In return, microbes supply nicotinic acid, supporting host NAD+ biosynthesis.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Metabolic pathways
  • Host-microbe interactions

Background:

  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is crucial for cellular processes.
  • The gut microbiota plays a significant role in host metabolism.
  • Understanding nutrient exchange between hosts and microbes is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metabolic interplay of NAD+ between host tissues and the gut microbiota.
  • To elucidate the specific roles of microbial metabolites in host NAD+ biosynthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized stable isotope labeling techniques.
  • Tracked NAD+ metabolism in both host and gut microbial compartments.
  • Analyzed the transfer of metabolites between host and microbiota.

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Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that gut microbiota utilizes host-derived nicotinamide for its own NAD+ synthesis.
  • Revealed that the gut microbiota produces nicotinic acid as a byproduct.
  • Showed that this nicotinic acid is utilized by the host for its NAD+ production, highlighting a symbiotic cycle.

Conclusions:

  • Established a novel symbiotic metabolic pathway involving NAD+ precursors between host and gut microbiota.
  • Highlighted the importance of microbial metabolism in supporting host NAD+ homeostasis.
  • Opened new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting host-microbe metabolic crosstalk.