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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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Antibiotic Use in Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections.

Denise K C Sur1, Monica L Plesa1

  • 1David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.

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|December 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Millions of physician visits for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) occur annually in the US. Judicious antibiotic use is crucial, as many URTIs are viral and do not require antibiotics, preventing resistance and adverse events.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • General Practice
  • Antimicrobial Stewardship

Background:

  • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) lead to millions of physician visits yearly in the US.
  • Viral pathogens cause the majority of acute URTIs.
  • Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for URTIs is a significant issue, leading to adverse events, antimicrobial resistance, and increased healthcare costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for an evidence-based, judicious approach to antibiotic prescribing for URTIs.
  • To differentiate conditions where antibiotics are indicated from those where they are not.
  • To identify strategies for improving antibiotic prescribing appropriateness in primary care settings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence and clinical guidelines for URTI management.
  • Analysis of conditions commonly treated with antibiotics.
  • Identification of best practices for antimicrobial stewardship in family medicine.

Main Results:

  • Antibiotics are not indicated for viral infections like the common cold, influenza, COVID-19, and laryngitis.
  • Evidence supports antibiotic use in specific bacterial infections including acute otitis media, group A streptococcal pharyngitis, and epiglottitis.
  • A limited percentage of acute rhinosinusitis cases warrant antibiotic treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Family physicians must adopt an evidence-based approach to antibiotic prescribing for URTIs.
  • Judicious antibiotic use is essential to mitigate risks associated with inappropriate treatment.
  • Implementing identified strategies can enhance appropriate antibiotic prescribing for URTIs.