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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Convergent evolution and horizontal gene transfer in Arctic Ocean microalgae.

Richard G Dorrell1,2, Alan Kuo3, Zoltan Füssy4

  • 1Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.

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Arctic microalgae show convergent evolution, acquiring ice-binding proteins through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). This adaptation highlights geographically limited HGT as a key evolutionary force in unique marine biomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbiology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Arctic ecology

Background:

  • Oceanic circulation shapes marine microbial communities into distinct biomes.
  • High ocean connectivity complicates distinguishing between selective retention and evolutionary selection.
  • The Arctic Ocean's isolation and ice cover present a unique environment for studying evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if Arctic microalgal lineages have evolved separately from global ocean populations.
  • To identify adaptive mechanisms in Arctic microalgae.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of four microalgal lineages from Arctic waters and sea ice.
  • Comparative analysis with Tara Oceans metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of Arctic-specific genes.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of convergent evolution in Arctic microalgal lineages.
  • Identification of geographically limited horizontal gene transfer (HGT) as an adaptive force.
  • Acquisition and inter-strain transfer of ice-binding proteins (IBPs) in Arctic strains.
  • Confirmation of predominantly Arctic distribution for these IBPs using Tara Oceans data.

Conclusions:

  • Arctic microalgae demonstrate unique evolutionary pathways driven by local adaptation.
  • Horizontal gene transfer, particularly of ice-binding proteins, is a significant adaptive mechanism in the Arctic.
  • These HGT events are distinct from those observed in Antarctic microalgae, suggesting region-specific evolutionary processes.