Genome-wide association studies in plant pathosystems: success or failure?

Harnessing natural genetic variation is an established alternative to artificial genetic variation for investigating the molecular dialog between partners in plant pathosystems. Herein, we review the successes of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in both plants and pathogens. While GWAS in plants confirmed that the genetic architecture of disease resistance is polygenic, dynamic during the infection kinetics, and dependent on the environment, GWAS shortened the time of identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and revealed both complex epistatic networks and a genetic architecture dependent upon the geographical scale. A similar picture emerges from the few GWAS in pathogens. In addition, the ever-increasing number of functionally validated QTLs has revealed new molecular plant defense mechanisms and pathogenicity determinants. Finally, we propose recommendations to better decode the disease triangle.