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A review on cell damage, viability, and functionality during 3D bioprinting.

He-Qi Xu1, Jia-Chen Liu1, Zheng-Yi Zhang2

  • 1Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.

Military Medical Research
|December 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting aims to create functional tissues/organs using bioinks with living cells. This review explores challenges in maintaining cell viability and functionality during 3D bioprinting and suggests protective strategies.

Keywords:
Cell damageCell functionalityCell viabilityShear stressThree-dimensional bioprinting

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an advanced technique for fabricating functional tissues and organs using bioinks containing living cells.
  • Despite significant advancements, challenges persist in achieving high post-printing cell viability and functionality due to cellular stress during the bioprinting process.
  • Maintaining cell viability, especially for sensitive cells like stem cells, and preserving pluripotency are critical for the success of engineered tissues/organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of cell damage during 3D bioprinting.
  • To identify key factors influencing cell viability and functionality in various bioprinting processes.
  • To present strategies for protecting cells from damage and ensuring high viability and functionality in bioprinted constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cell viability and functionality in different 3D bioprinting processes.
  • Analysis of factors affecting cell damage, including stress, pH, and temperature.
  • Identification and discussion of protective approaches for cells during bioprinting.

Main Results:

  • Cell viability is inversely proportional to the magnitude and duration of stress imposed during bioprinting.
  • Environmental factors like pH and temperature significantly impact cell survival.
  • Vulnerable cells, such as stem cells, require specific protective measures to maintain viability and pluripotency.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing cellular stress and optimizing environmental conditions are crucial for successful 3D bioprinting.
  • Implementing protective strategies can significantly enhance cell viability and functionality in engineered tissues/organs.
  • Further research into cell protection mechanisms will advance the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.