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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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    Area of Science:

    • Atomic physics and quantum sensing.
    • Development of advanced magnetometry techniques.

    Background:

    • Rubidium optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) are valuable for measuring nuclear magnetization and in fundamental physics.
    • Improving the sensitivity of Rb OPMs is crucial for enhanced performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a high-sensitivity Rb OPM.
    • To improve probe noise suppression for better magnetometry.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized acousto-optic modulation with balanced detection to suppress probe noises.
    • Implemented a closed-loop feedback system for enhanced stability and measurement range.
    • Performed simultaneous dual-axis transverse measurements.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 30 fT/Hz1/2 sensitivity in a 200 Hz bandwidth and 250 nT linear working range.
    • Demonstrated significant probe noise suppression, especially at low frequencies.
    • Extended the transverse measurement range to the 10 µT order of magnitude using closed-loop feedback.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed Rb OPM offers high sensitivity for nuclear magnetization measurements, particularly in strong external magnetic fields.
    • The acousto-optic modulation and balanced detection effectively reduce noise, enhancing magnetometer performance.
    • The closed-loop feedback system improves stability and expands the operational range for magnetic field measurements.