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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol
19:32

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Cerebellar development after preterm birth.

Igor Y Iskusnykh1, Victor V Chizhikov1

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|December 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preterm birth and its complications harm the developing cerebellum, leading to neurodevelopmental disabilities. Understanding these impacts is crucial for developing treatments to improve outcomes for preterm infants.

Keywords:
Purkinje cellscerebellumgliagranule cellshemorrhageinflammationneurogenesispreterm birth

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Preterm birth and its complications are primary causes of neurodevelopmental disability.
  • The cerebellum, crucial for motor, cognitive, and social functions, is particularly vulnerable.
  • Critical cerebellar development occurs in the third trimester, making preterm infants susceptible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the negative impacts of preterm birth on cerebellar development.
  • To focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying cerebellar pathology.
  • To highlight the need for improved neuroprotective strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on preterm birth and cerebellar development.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of cerebellar pathology.

Main Results:

  • Preterm birth adversely affects cerebellar development through factors like hemorrhage and inflammation.
  • Disruption of neural progenitor proliferation, differentiation, and migration is observed.
  • Cerebellar pathology contributes to cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Preterm birth significantly impacts cerebellar development and function.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing interventions.
  • Novel treatments are needed to mitigate long-term deficits in preterm individuals.