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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Destabilization of Microtubules01:45

Destabilization of Microtubules

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The destabilization of microtubules can occur during different stages of the microtubule lifecycle, such as nucleation or elongation. It can take place at either end of the microtubule or in the microtubule lattices as a whole. The lifespan of individual microtubules within a cell varies according to the cell type and stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the lifespan of the microtubule is about 30 minutes, while during cell division, it is about 15 minutes. In axonal microtubules of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

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External and Environmental Effects on Centrosomes.

Heide Schatten1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, USA. SchattenH@missouri.edu.

Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology
|December 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionizing radiation exposure causes tumor cells to duplicate centrosomes, leading to multipolar spindles, nuclear fragmentation, and cell death. This study confirms radiation-induced centrosome abnormalities in various human solid tumor cell lines.

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Radiation oncology
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Centrosomes are critical for cell division.
  • Ionizing radiation is a common cancer treatment.
  • Radiation effects on centrosomes are known but warrant further investigation in diverse tumor types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of ionizing radiation on centrosome duplication and mitotic spindle formation in human solid tumor cell lines.
  • To characterize the resulting chromosomal abnormalities and cell death pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Exposure of various human solid tumor cell lines to 10 Gy gamma radiation.
  • Microscopic analysis of centrosome number and morphology.
  • Assessment of mitotic spindle organization and chromosome segregation.
  • Evaluation of cell death markers, including multi- and micronucleation.

Main Results:

  • Ionizing radiation exposure significantly increased the incidence of cells with supernumerary and aberrant centrosomes.
  • Multipolar mitotic spindles were frequently observed, leading to imbalanced chromosome segregation.
  • A substantial increase in mitotic cell death and the formation of multi- and micronucleated cells was documented.

Conclusions:

  • Ionizing radiation induces centrosome overduplication and multipolar spindle formation in human solid tumor cells.
  • These centrosome abnormalities contribute to mitotic catastrophe and genomic instability.
  • Targeting radiation-induced centrosome aberrations may offer novel therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.