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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Ribozymes02:47

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
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RNA Interference01:23

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Riboswitches01:56

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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MicroRNA: noncoding but still coding, another example of self-catalysis.

Simardeep Kaur1,2, Suresh Kumar3, Trilochan Mohapatra4

  • 1Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.

Functional & Integrative Genomics
|December 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression, but some genes also produce micropeptides (miPEPs) that enhance miRNA production. This dual function offers a new strategy for improving crop resilience.

Keywords:
Noncoding RNASelf-catalysisSynthetic miPEPmiPEPmicroRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, influencing growth, development, and stress responses.
  • Emerging research reveals that some noncoding RNAs, specifically MIR genes, can produce micropeptides (miPEPs) alongside miRNAs.
  • These miPEPs possess regulatory functions, adding complexity to gene expression control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dual function of MIR genes in producing both miRNAs and miPEPs.
  • To compare the characteristics and functions of plant miRNAs and miPEPs.
  • To explore the potential of miPEPs in enhancing crop improvement and stress tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on MIR gene dual function.
  • Comparative analysis of miRNA and miPEP features in plants.
  • Discussion of exogenous application of synthetic miPEPs for crop enhancement.

Main Results:

  • MIR genes can generate both stem-loop precursor miRNAs and short open reading frame (ORF) miPEPs.
  • miPEPs can enhance the transcription of their own precursor miRNA (pri-miRNA).
  • miPEP function is species-specific, with potential for exogenous application in crops.

Conclusions:

  • The dual function of MIR genes presents a novel regulatory mechanism in plants.
  • miPEPs offer a promising avenue for developing climate-resilient crops through targeted gene regulation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate miPEP functions and optimize their application in agriculture.