The Oral-Gut Axis: Periodontal Diseases and Gastrointestinal Disorders

One of the prospective sequelae of periodontal disease (PD), chronic inflammation of the oral mucosa, is the development of inflammatory gastrointestinal (GI) disorders due to the amplification and expansion of the oral pathobionts. In addition, chronic inflammatory diseases related to the GI tract, which include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can lead to malignancy susceptibility in the colon of both animals and humans. Recent studies suggest that dysbiosis of the oral microbiota can alter the microbial composition in relative abundance or diversity of the distal gut, leading to the progression of digestive carcinogenesis. The link between PD and specific GI disorders is also closely associated with the migration and colonization of periodontal pathogens and the subsequent microbe-reactive T cell induction within the intestines. In this review, an in-depth examination of this relationship and the accessibility of different mouse models of IBD and PD may shed light on the current dogma. As such, oral microbiota dysbiosis involving specific bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, can ultimately lead to gut malignancies. Further understanding the precise mechanism(s) of the oral-gut microbial axis in PD, IBD, and colorectal cancer pathogenesis will be pivotal in diagnosis, prognosis, and future treatment.