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Related Concept Videos

Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

116
The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
116
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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Stringent Response in E. coli01:23

Stringent Response in E. coli

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Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
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Related Experiment Video

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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IRES-mediated translation in bacteria.

Sarah Takallou1, Nathalie Puchacz1, Danielle Allard1

  • 1Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|December 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Certain viral Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESs) can initiate translation in E. coli, challenging domain-specific initiation. Key IRES regions complementary to 16S ribosomal RNA are crucial for this prokaryotic translation.

Keywords:
E.coliIRESProkaryotic translationSequence complementarityTranslation initiationrRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Translation initiation is a fundamental process in all domains of life.
  • Traditionally, prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation initiation signals are considered distinct.
  • Viral Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESs) can bypass canonical initiation pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the Plautia stali intestine virus (PSIV) IRES can initiate translation in E. coli.
  • To identify features enabling viral IRES-mediated prokaryotic translation initiation.
  • To determine if other IRES elements share this capability.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro translation assays using E. coli systems.
  • Analysis of PSIV IRES structure-function relationships.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis to identify critical IRES regions.

Main Results:

  • The PSIV IRES successfully initiated translation in E. coli.
  • Certain other IRES elements also demonstrated prokaryotic translation initiation.
  • Structural integrity of the PSIV IRES was less critical in prokaryotes than eukaryotes.
  • Two specific regions of the PSIV IRES showed complementarity to 16S ribosomal RNA and were essential for E. coli translation.

Conclusions:

  • Viral IRESs can overcome domain-specific translation initiation barriers.
  • The ability of PSIV IRES to function in prokaryotes is linked to its structural flexibility.
  • Complementarity to 16S rRNA in specific IRES regions is a key feature for prokaryotic translation initiation.