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Methane losses from different biogas plant technologies.

Viktoria Wechselberger1, Torsten Reinelt2, Johan Yngvesson3

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Summary

Minimizing methane (CH4) losses is crucial for biogas and biomethane energy. This study provides component-specific methane emission factors for biogas plants, revealing significant variability and identifying key emission sources like digestate storage and leakages.

Keywords:
Anaerobic digestionBiogas productionGreenhouse gasesMethane emission factorsOn-site measurements

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Energy Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Biogas and biomethane are vital for a fossil-fuel-free energy future, but methane (CH4) losses can hinder their potential.
  • Accurate emission data is lacking for various biogas plant technologies, impeding effective emission control and technology assessment.

Approach:

  • A harmonized measurement procedure was employed across 33 biogas plants in four European countries (Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland).
  • Component-specific methane emission factors (EFs) were determined for diverse biogas plant technologies, including agricultural and biowaste treatment facilities.
  • Individual on-site emission sources and leakages were systematically surveyed to gather representative data.

Key Points:

  • Methane losses varied significantly across technologies, particularly in biogas utilization (combined heat and power plants, pilot injection units) and upgrading (chemical, exhaust gas treatment, water scrubbers).
  • Non-gastight digestate storage emerged as a major CH4 emission source, with losses up to 5.6% of produced methane.
  • Individual leakages contributed a median of 0.1% CH4 loss relative to production, highlighting their potential impact.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive dataset of CH4 emission factors for European biogas plants, crucial for refining emission inventories.
  • Current IPCC default emission factors may underestimate biogas utilization emissions and overestimate leakage impacts in the waste sector for European contexts.
  • The findings support the identification of low-emission biogas technologies and inform strategies for minimizing methane losses in the biogas sector.