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Related Concept Videos

pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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RNA Stability01:53

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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The cap epitranscriptome: Early directions to a complex life as mRNA.

Ina Anreiter1, Yuan W Tian2,3, Matthias Soller2,3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|December 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Messenger RNA modifications like 2'-O-methylation (cOMe) and N6-methylation (m6A) regulate gene expression. Heterogeneous transcription start sites may create a novel layer of gene control, impacting memory formation.

Keywords:
2′-O-ribose methylationCMTrFMRPMettl3YTHDFcappingm6AmRNA modifications

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) undergo modifications, including 2"-O-methylation (cOMe) and N6-methylation (m6A), primarily at their 5' ends.
  • These modifications are catalyzed by specific enzymes like cap methyltransferases (CMTrs), PCIF1, and the Mettl3/14 complex.
  • Co-transcriptional introduction of these modifications influences gene expression, mRNA localization to synapses, and local translation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of heterogeneous transcription start sites in generating mRNA sequence diversity.
  • To investigate how this diversity, combined with existing mRNA modifications (cOMe, m6A), could establish a novel layer of gene expression control.
  • To understand the implications of these epigenetic marks in synaptic gene expression, learning, and memory.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mRNA modifications, focusing on cap-adjacent nucleotides.
  • Investigating the role of enzymes like PCIF1 and Mettl3/14 in mRNA methylation.
  • Examining the impact of heterogeneous transcription start sites on mRNA sequence and function.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneous transcription start sites lead to sequence diversity at the mRNA 5' end.
  • This diversity, alongside cOMe and m6A modifications, suggests a new mechanism for gene regulation.
  • These modifications are implicated in synaptic function and higher brain processes like learning and memory.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA 5' end modifications and transcription start site heterogeneity represent a significant layer of gene expression control.
  • This regulatory mechanism is crucial for local gene expression in synapses.
  • Such epigenetic codes may underlie lasting memories through synaptic plasticity.