Diagnostic imaging and histopathologic features of rounded atelectasis in four cats and one dog: A descriptive case...

In humans, rounded atelectasis is defined as focal lung collapse that radiologically appears as a round mass-like lesion in the periphery of the lung. In general, human patients with rounded atelectasis have a history of pleural effusion and abnormal pleura and characteristic CT findings help to distinguish rounded atelectasis from pulmonary neoplasia without the need for invasive surgical biopsy. This retrospective multi-center case series describes rounded atelectasis in four cats and one dog. Chylothorax was seen in four patients and an eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic effusion was seen in one patient. All patients had solitary or multifocal subpleural pulmonary masses (26 masses total in 5 patients) with diffuse, multifocal, or focal visceral and parietal pleural thickening. All the masses but one were broad-based towards the visceral pleura. Masses were most common in the ventral or lateral aspect of the lungs. Indistinctness at the hilar aspect of the lesion was seen in all masses; a "comet tail" sign was seen in 14 of 26 masses. On postcontrast images, the lesions were homogeneously enhanced in 24 of 26 masses and heterogeneous in two of 26 masses. Other findings include ground glass opacities (n = 5), parenchymal bands (n = 4), mild to moderate lymphadenopathy (n = 4), and compensatory hyperinflation of the lung lobes not affected by atelectasis (n = 2). Histopathology of four cases revealed atelectasis with fixed pleural folds, chronic pleuritis, and mild to moderate pleural fibrosis. Awareness of rounded atelectasis in veterinary species will enable inclusion of a benign etiology into the differential diagnosis for subpleural masses in cases with pleural abnormalities.