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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
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Children's strategies in drop-landing.

Rosa Angulo-Barroso1,2, Blai Ferrer-Uris1, Júlia Jubany3

  • 1Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.

Frontiers in Psychology
|December 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Young children’s landing skills develop significantly between ages 3 and 9. Younger children (3-6 years) exhibit less efficient lower extremity control during drop landings compared to older children (6-9 years).

Keywords:
coordinationkinematicskineticsland-runlandingmuscle activityyoung children

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Developmental Motor Control
  • Pediatric Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Landing is a fundamental motor skill crucial for stability and injury prevention in children.
  • Proficient landing is linked to increased physical activity, sports participation, and perceived competence.
  • Understanding developmental changes in landing strategies is essential for optimizing motor development and reducing injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the drop-landing strategies of young children across different age groups.
  • To analyze lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity during drop landings.
  • To identify developmental differences in landing mechanics from early childhood to pre-adolescence.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-four children aged 3-9 years were divided into four age groups.
  • Participants performed 20 drop-land trials under various conditions (stationary, running).
  • Data collected using motion capture, force plates, and surface electromyography (sEMG).

Main Results:

  • Significant developmental differences were observed in kinematic, kinetic, and sEMG variables between younger (3-6 years) and older (6-9 years) children.
  • Younger children demonstrated less knee flexion and slower ankle dorsi-flexion during the landing phase.
  • Muscle activation patterns, including tibialis anterior and hamstring activity, differed significantly with age, with younger children showing prolonged activity.

Conclusions:

  • A critical developmental period for landing performance appears to be around 4-5 years of age.
  • Interventions to improve landing strategies could be most effective starting at this age.
  • Future research should explore the role of playground environments and kindergarten practitioners in facilitating landing skill development.