Development and implementation of a metaphase DNA model for ionizing radiation induced DNA damage calculation

Objective. To develop a metaphase chromosome model representing the complete genome of a human lymphocyte cell to support microscopic Monte Carlo (MMC) simulation-based radiation-induced DNA damage studies.Approach. We first employed coarse-grained polymer physics simulation to obtain a rod-shaped chromatid segment of 730 nm in diameter and 460 nm in height to match Hi-C data. We then voxelized the segment with a voxel size of 11 nm per side and connected the chromatid with 30 types of pre-constructed nucleosomes and 6 types of linker DNAs in base pair (bp) resolutions. Afterward, we piled different numbers of voxelized chromatid segments to create 23 pairs of chromosomes of 1-5μm long. Finally, we arranged the chromosomes at the cell metaphase plate of 5.5μm in radius to create the complete set of metaphase chromosomes. We implemented the model in gMicroMC simulation by denoting the DNA structure in a four-level hierarchical tree: nucleotide pairs, nucleosomes and linker DNAs, chromatid segments, and chromosomes. We applied the model to compute DNA damage under different radiation conditions and compared the results to those obtained with G0/G1 model and experimental measurements. We also performed uncertainty analysis for relevant simulation parameters.Main results. The chromatid segment was successfully voxelized and connected in bps resolution, containing 26.8 mega bps (Mbps) of DNA. With 466 segments, we obtained the metaphase chromosome containing 12.5 Gbps of DNA. Applying it to compute the radiation-induced DNA damage, the obtained results were self-consistent and agreed with experimental measurements. Through the parameter uncertainty study, we found that the DNA damage ratio between metaphase and G0/G1 phase models was not sensitive to the chemical simulation time. The damage was also not sensitive to the specific parameter settings in the polymer physics simulation, as long as the produced metaphase model followed a similar contact map distribution.Significance. Experimental data reveal that ionizing radiation induced DNA damage is cell cycle dependent. Yet, DNA chromosome models, except for the G0/G1 phase, are not available in the state-of-the-art MMC simulation. For the first time, we successfully built a metaphase chromosome model and implemented it into MMC simulation for radiation-induced DNA damage computation.