Structural and functional organization of germ plasm condensates

Reproductive success of metazoans relies on germ cells. These cells develop early during embryogenesis, divide and undergo meiosis in the adult to make sperm and oocytes. Unlike somatic cells, germ cells are immortal and transfer their genetic material to new generations. They are also totipotent, as they differentiate into different somatic cell types. The maintenance of immortality and totipotency of germ cells depends on extensive post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation coupled with epigenetic remodeling, processes that begin with the onset of embryogenesis [1, 2]. At the heart of this regulation lie germ granules, membraneless ribonucleoprotein condensates that are specific to the germline cytoplasm called the germ plasm. They are a hallmark of all germ cells and contain several proteins and RNAs that are conserved across species. Interestingly, germ granules are often structured and tend to change through development. In this review, we describe how the structure of germ granules becomes established and discuss possible functional outcomes these structures have during development.