Caliper-Verified Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty: Rationale, Targets, Accuracy, Balancing, Implant...

Peer-reviewed studies published up to May 2022 are used to provide a comprehensive understanding of unrestricted kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty. The intent is to cultivate the curiosity of those interested in this method of personalized alignment. The rationale of unrestricted kinematic alignment is to set the femoral and tibial components coincident with the patient's prearthritic joint lines, restore the femoral and tibial phenotypes, and coalign the three kinematic axes of the components with those of the knee. The surgical technique, learning curve, and accuracy of performing kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty with a caliper and company manufactured manual instrumentation should be explored and compared with robotic instrumentation. Kinematic alignment restores the native knee's medial and lateral tibial compartment forces, which mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty cannot do even after ligament release. In addition, insert conformity plays a role in restoring native tibiofemoral kinematics. A literature review of clinical outcomes, long-term durability, and the risk of varus tibial component failure and patellofemoral instability shows unrestricted kinematic alignment has comparable if not superior results when compared with mechanical alignment.