Protocol for wireless deep brain stimulation in freely behaving mice with infrared light
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Updated: Aug 16, 2025
A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice
Published on: November 18, 2018
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Abstract:
Here, we present a protocol for deep brain stimulation in freely behaving mice using through-scalp wide-field illumination in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II). We first describe the injection of the TRPV1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1)-expressing viruses and macromolecular infrared nanotransducers for deep brain stimulation (MINDS). We then detail NIR-II neuromodulation in a conditioned place preference test, followed by immunohistochemical studies. This approach is especially useful for tether-free deep brain stimulation in social interacting experiments involving multiple subjects. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wu et al. (2022).
