Advances of Implantation Techniques for Conduction System Pacing

Conduction system pacing (CSP), including His bundle and left bundle branch pacing are physiological pacing modalities, but lead deployment is often difficult mainly due to a lack of anatomical landmark for lead tip location. Several implantation techniques for CSP implantation have been developed including 3-dimensional electroanatomical mapping, placing a second lead as a reference (dual-lead method technique), and using fluoroscopic imaging (9-partition and visualization techniques). In this review, the authors summarize the implantation techniques for CSP and compare the different methods.