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The Atomic Theory of Matter

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers thought about atoms and “elements” as...

Subatomic Particles

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Nanofabrication of Gate-defined GaAs/AlGaAs Lateral Quantum Dots

Published on: November 1, 2013

Synthesis-on-substrate of quantum dot solids.

Yuanzhi Jiang^1,2, Changjiu Sun¹, Jian Xu³

¹Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China.

|December 21, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for synthesizing ultrasmall perovskite quantum dots directly on substrates. This breakthrough enables highly efficient and stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), overcoming previous performance limitations.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Optoelectronics
Quantum Dot Technology

Background:

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) show high efficiency in green and red light but lag in blue emission.
Synthesizing stable, monodispersed ultrasmall CsPbBr3 quantum dots for blue PeLEDs remains a significant challenge.
Maintaining quantum dot solution-phase properties in solid films for device fabrication is difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for direct synthesis-on-substrate of monodispersed, coupled ultrasmall perovskite quantum dots.
To engineer ligand structures for precise control over quantum dot size, monodispersity, and coupling.
To improve the performance of blue-emitting PeLEDs.

Main Methods:

Developed novel ligand structures with specific head and tail group functionalities.
Utilized halide substitution in ligand tails to enhance surface binding affinity.
Employed direct synthesis-on-substrate to form quantum dot films with controlled coupling and size.

Main Results:

Achieved highly monodispersed ultrasmall CsPbBr3 quantum dots (FWHM = 23 nm, centered at 478 nm) with strong coupling.
Demonstrated blue PeLEDs with external quantum efficiencies of 18% at 480 nm and 10% at 465 nm.
These efficiencies represent significant improvements over existing perovskite blue LEDs.

Conclusions:

The direct synthesis-on-substrate approach with engineered ligands enables efficient and stable blue PeLEDs.
This method overcomes challenges in quantum dot synthesis and film formation for blue emission.
The reported results set a new benchmark for perovskite blue LED performance.