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Activated carbon from almond shells using an eco-compatible method: screening, optimization, characterization, and

H Boulika1, M El Hajam1,2, M Hajji Nabih1

  • 1Signals, Systems and Components Laboratory (SSCL), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University Road Imouzzer BP 2202, Atlas Fez Morocco Hamza.boulika@usmba.ac.ma.

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Summary

Activated carbon from almond shells was optimized for iodine adsorption using a novel eco-compatible process. This enhanced material shows high adsorption capacity for crystal violet dye, demonstrating its potential as an effective adsorbent.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Adsorption Science

Background:

  • Activated carbon is a widely used adsorbent, but its production can be costly and environmentally impactful.
  • Developing low-cost, sustainable adsorbents from agricultural waste is crucial for environmental remediation.
  • Almond shells represent an abundant, underutilized biomass resource.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an eco-compatible method for preparing activated carbon from almond shells.
  • To optimize the preparation parameters for maximizing iodine adsorption capacity.
  • To evaluate the adsorption performance of the prepared activated carbon for crystal violet dye.

Main Methods:

  • Activated carbon was prepared from almond shells using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and vacuum pyrolysis.
  • Experimental design methodology was employed to optimize eight preparation parameters.
  • Characterization included TGA, SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, and Boehm titration.
  • Iodine index and crystal violet dye adsorption were measured.

Main Results:

  • Optimal activated carbon was produced via chemical activation with H3PO4 followed by vacuum pyrolysis at 420 °C and -0.8 bar.
  • The optimized activated carbon exhibited an iodine index of 824.85 mg g⁻¹.
  • Physicochemical characterization revealed a porous surface, high thermal stability, and a disorganized graphitic structure with phosphorus incorporation.
  • Crystal violet adsorption followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and fitted the Freundlich isotherm model, with a predicted capacity of 364.27 mg g⁻¹.

Conclusions:

  • An efficient and eco-compatible method for producing high-performance activated carbon from almond shells was successfully developed.
  • The prepared activated carbon demonstrates excellent adsorption properties for both iodine and crystal violet dye.
  • The phosphorus-containing activated carbon shows significant potential for applications in water treatment and purification.