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Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
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The Carnot engine works between two heat reservoirs of fixed temperatures. The Carnot cycle begs the following question: Is it possible to devise a heat engine that is more efficient than a Carnot engine between two fixed temperatures? The answer lies in designing a Carnot refrigerator.
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Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the efficiency of the reversal, that is, maximize the work retrieved from heat. If the efficiency of a heat engine were 100%, it would imply reversing the process completely without introducing any other effect. Thus, it would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
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When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their...
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Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector
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Ionocaloric refrigeration cycle.

Drew Lilley1,2, Ravi Prasher1,2

  • 1Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 22, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionocaloric cooling offers an efficient, eco-friendly alternative for refrigeration. This novel approach achieves significant temperature changes with low voltage, presenting a promising solution for climate change mitigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Developing efficient cooling technologies with low global warming potential is crucial for climate change mitigation.
  • Existing caloric cooling methods (magneto-, electrocaloric) often require high field strengths for limited performance.
  • The ionocaloric effect presents a promising alternative for condensed-phase cooling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ionocaloric effect as a viable caloric-based cooling technology.
  • To theoretically and experimentally evaluate its performance against other caloric effects.
  • To demonstrate a practical refrigeration system utilizing the ionocaloric effect.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized theoretical calculations and experimental validation of the ionocaloric effect.
  • Implemented an ionocaloric Stirling refrigeration cycle for system demonstration.
  • Measured adiabatic temperature change, entropy change, and coefficient of performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved higher adiabatic temperature and entropy changes per unit mass/volume compared to other caloric effects under low fields.
  • Demonstrated a practical ionocaloric Stirling refrigeration cycle.
  • Obtained a coefficient of performance of 30% relative to Carnot and a 25°C temperature lift with ~0.22 V.

Conclusions:

  • The ionocaloric effect offers a promising, efficient, and low-field caloric cooling technology.
  • The developed ionocaloric Stirling cycle demonstrates practical viability for refrigeration.
  • This technology presents a sustainable alternative for cooling applications, contributing to climate change mitigation.