Particulate Cell Wall Materials of Lactobacillus acidophilus as Vaccine Adjuvant

We evaluated Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) for adjuvant application in animal vaccines. LA particles (LAPs) are made by treating LA with purification processes and high-pressure homogenization (HPH). We found that LAPs treated with HPH with trehalose and emulsifiers had an average particle size of 179 nm, considerably smaller than LAPs without additives. First, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of LAPs using a murine model with ovalbumin antigens, revealing that LAPs, especially in a five-fold concentration, could induce a considerable antibody response compared with other current adjuvants. In poultry vaccination tests using inactivated Newcastle disease virus, LAPs alone could induce a similar antibody response compared to commercial water-in-oil (W/O) adjuvant ISA70, a commercial adjuvant, at weeks 4 and 6; however, they declined faster than ISA70 at weeks 8 and 10. LAPs added to conventional adjuvant materials, such as mineral oil-based O/W emulsions, showed similar adjuvanticity to ISA70. LA-H5-C, composed of carbomer, emulsifiers and trehalose showed no significant body weight change in acute toxicity compared to other adjuvants including ISA70, making formulated LAPs a potential candidate for use as a veterinary vaccine adjuvant.