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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology and evolutionary biology
    • Environmental physiology
    • Aquatic invertebrate zoology

    Background:

    • Oxygen availability decreases with increasing temperature, impacting aquatic organisms.
    • A scientific debate exists on whether oxygen concentration drives size decrease at higher temperatures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if rotifers (Lecane inermis) evolve smaller sizes under hypoxic conditions compared to normoxic conditions.
    • To examine the genetic basis and plasticity of body size responses to temperature and oxygen availability.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental evolution of rotifers under three oxygen regimes (normoxia, continuous hypoxia, high-temperature hypoxia) with fluctuating temperatures.
    • Testing plasticity of size responses to temperature across post-evolution groups.
    • Relating plastic responses to organismal fitness.

    Main Results:

    • Normoxic rotifers evolved significantly larger body sizes than hypoxic rotifers.
    • All groups showed plastic size reduction with warming within their experienced thermal range.
    • Responses to temperatures outside the experienced range were more variable.

    Conclusions:

    • Rotifers exhibit a genetic basis for size decrease under both temperature-dependent and independent hypoxia.
    • Plastic body size responses are consistent within experienced thermal ranges but less predictable at novel temperatures.
    • Evolutionary responses are influenced by the reliability of environmental cues.