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Green Algae

Green Algae

Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

Published on: June 14, 2017

Kinetics of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Using Microbubble Interfacial Technology.

Fahed Javed¹, Muhammad Waqas Saif-Ul-Allah², Faisal Ahmed²

¹Microfluidics Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)

|December 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates microbubble technology for efficient biodiesel production from microalgae oil, achieving 99.45% conversion at a pilot scale. The gated recurrent unit (GRU) model proved more accurate for up-scaling than response surface methodology (RSM).

Keywords:

RSM biodiesel esterification kinetics microbubble technology

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Last Updated: Aug 16, 2025

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Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

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Published on: June 24, 2016

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

Chemical Engineering
Renewable Energy
Process Intensification

Background:

Biodiesel offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels but faces challenges with expensive feedstocks and slow acid catalysis.
Conventional stirred tank reactors limit the efficiency and scalability of biodiesel production.
Microbubble mediated mass transfer technology shows promise for overcoming these limitations at a commercial scale.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the feasibility of microbubble technology for biodiesel production at an intermediate pilot scale (3 L).
To develop a robust kinetic model for up-scaling microbubble-based biodiesel synthesis using commercial feedstock and catalyst.
To compare the predictive accuracy of response surface methodology (RSM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) models for process up-scaling.

Main Methods:

Conducted kinetic experiments using 3 L of microalgae oil (MO) and para-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) catalyst.
Employed microbubble mediated mass transfer technology to enhance reaction rates.
Designed experiments using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and developed a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model for kinetic analysis and up-scaling predictions.

Main Results:

Achieved a maximum biodiesel conversion of 99.45 ± 1.3% under optimized conditions (1:23.73 MO:MeOH molar ratio, 60 min, 3.3 wt% catalyst loading).
Both RSM and GRU models showed good fits to experimental data.
The GRU model demonstrated superior performance with R² = 0.9999 and RMSE = 0.0515, compared to RSM (R² = 0.9844, RMSE = 3.0832).

Conclusions:

Microbubble technology is effective for pilot-scale biodiesel production from microalgae oil.
The GRU model provides a more accurate and robust prediction for reactor up-scaling compared to RSM.
A horizontal up-scaling strategy maintaining constant liquid layer height and tessellated microbubble injection is proposed for industrial application.