Application of the Dynamical Network Biomarker Theory to Raman Spectra

The dynamical network biomarker (DNB) theory detects the early warning signals of state transitions utilizing fluctuations in and correlations between variables in complex systems. Although the DNB theory has been applied to gene expression in several diseases, destructive testing by microarrays is a critical issue. Therefore, other biological information obtained by non-destructive testing is desirable; one such piece of information is Raman spectra measured by Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool in life sciences and many other fields that enable the label-free non-invasive imaging of live cells and tissues along with detailed molecular fingerprints. Naïve and activated T cells have recently been successfully distinguished from each other using Raman spectroscopy without labeling. In the present study, we applied the DNB theory to Raman spectra of T cell activation as a model case. The dataset consisted of Raman spectra of the T cell activation process observed at 0 (naïve T cells), 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h (fully activated T cells). In the DNB analysis, the F-test and hierarchical clustering were used to detect the transition state and identify DNB Raman shifts. We successfully detected the transition state at 6 h and related DNB Raman shifts during the T cell activation process. The present results suggest novel applications of the DNB theory to Raman spectra ranging from fundamental research on cellular mechanisms to clinical examinations.