Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

11.8K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
11.8K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

14.8K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
14.8K
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

3.4K
Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
3.4K
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

15.0K
In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
15.0K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

14.1K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
14.1K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

3.2K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
3.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SGLT2i and GLP1RA Use in the USA.

Journal of general internal medicine·2026
Same author

Advancing COPD management through novel pharmacological agents: ensifentrine and dupilumab.

Breathe (Sheffield, England)·2025
Same author

Balancing Immediate Morbidity and Long-Term Durability in Limited Fusion for Adult Scoliosis.

Global spine journal·2025
Same author

Comment on "Health-Related Quality of Life Metrics in Patients With Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction": Highlighting the Psychosocial Burden of R-CPD.

The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology·2025
Same author

The Role of Swelling in the Regulation of OPA1-Mediated Mitochondrial Function in the Heart In Vitro.

Cells·2023
Same author

Identifying Site-Specific Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Production Rates From the Mitochondrial Electron Transport System Using a Computational Strategy.

Function (Oxford, England)·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

14.0K

Calcium Overload and Mitochondrial Metabolism.

Lauren L Walkon1, Jasiel O Strubbe-Rivera2, Jason N Bazil1

  • 1Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Biomolecules
|December 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial calcium overload impairs ATP production, not by pore opening, but likely through ultrastructural changes or enzyme activity shifts. This research clarifies moderate calcium

Keywords:
bioenergeticscalcium overloadcalcium phosphatecalcium precipitatesmitochondriamitochondrial ATP productionmitochondrial functionmitochondrial ultrastructureoxidative phosphorylation

More Related Videos

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
05:53

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

Published on: May 1, 2018

11.4K
Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy
08:43

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

Published on: January 24, 2017

19.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

14.0K
Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
05:53

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay

Published on: May 1, 2018

11.4K
Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy
08:43

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

Published on: January 24, 2017

19.1K

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial Physiology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Mitochondrial calcium is crucial for ATP production but can inhibit it at high levels.
  • Extreme calcium overload leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, but moderate effects are less understood.
  • Existing knowledge focuses on calcium overload consequences, leaving moderate effects enigmatic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain depressed ATP synthesis rates in mitochondria during moderate calcium-overload states.
  • To investigate the mechanisms behind calcium-dependent inhibition of ATP synthesis.
  • To link mitochondrial ultrastructure changes to altered energy metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cryo-electron microscopy to examine mitochondrial ultrastructure.
  • Analyzed calcium-titratable inhibition of ATP synthesis rates.
  • Reviewed existing literature on mitochondrial calcium handling and oxidative phosphorylation.

Main Results:

  • Inhibition of ATP synthesis during calcium overload is not due to direct uncoupling via a calcium-sensitive pore.
  • Suggests a separate, calcium-dependent phenomenon is responsible for reduced ATP synthesis.
  • Observed changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and cristae network.

Conclusions:

  • Moderate mitochondrial calcium overload inhibits ATP synthesis through mechanisms other than pore opening.
  • Mitochondrial ultrastructural modifications and/or enzyme activity changes are implicated.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the interplay between calcium, structure, and function.