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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

4.5K
Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

3.2K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

Published on: November 22, 2017

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Mitochondrial Autophagy in Ischemic Aged Livers.

Jae-Sung Kim1,2, William C Chapman1, Yiing Lin1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Cells
|December 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is crucial for cell health. Aged livers show more mitochondrial damage after reperfusion injury due to impaired mitophagy, increasing vulnerability in elderly patients.

Keywords:
autophagyischemia/reperfusionlivermitochondriamitochondrial dynamics

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In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells
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Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 16, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Gerontology
  • Organ Transplantation

Background:

  • Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is vital for cellular quality control.
  • Dysfunctional mitophagy leads to mitochondrial damage and cell death.
  • Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction in liver surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of altered autophagy in age-dependent hypersensitivity to reperfusion injury.
  • To highlight the mechanistic involvement of mitophagy in I/R injury in aged livers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on mitophagy and I/R injury.
  • Analysis of age-related differences in mitochondrial accumulation post-I/R.

Main Results:

  • Elderly patients exhibit poorer tolerance to I/R injury compared to younger individuals.
  • Aged livers show more prominent accumulation of abnormal mitochondria after I/R.
  • Altered autophagy is mechanistically linked to age-dependent hypersensitivity to reperfusion injury.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired mitophagy contributes to increased susceptibility to I/R injury in the elderly.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform strategies to mitigate I/R injury in older patients undergoing liver procedures.