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In Vitro Transcribed RNA-based Luciferase Reporter Assay to Study Translation Regulation in Poxvirus-infected Cells
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Elusive Trans-Acting Factors Which Operate with Type I (Poliovirus-like) IRES Elements
Dmitry E Andreev1,2, Michael Niepmann3, Ivan N Shatsky2
1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
Abstract:
The phenomenon of internal initiation of translation was discovered in 1988 on poliovirus mRNA. The prototypic cis-acting element in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of poliovirus mRNA, which is able to direct initiation at an internal start codon without the involvement of a cap structure, has been called an IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site or Segment). Despite its early discovery, poliovirus and other related IRES elements of type I are poorly characterized, and it is not yet clear which host proteins (a.k.a. IRES trans-acting factors, ITAFs) are required for their full activity in vivo. Here we discuss recent and old results devoted to type I IRESes and provide evidence that Poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2), Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS), and Cold Shock Domain Containing E1 (CSDE1, also known as UNR) are major regulators of type I IRES activity.
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