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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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New Building Blocks for Self-Healing Polymers.

Elena Platonova1,2, Polina Ponomareva1, Zalina Lokiaeva1

  • 1Center NTI "Digital Materials Science: New Materials and Substances", Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Str., 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia.

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|December 23, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new furan-based urea compounds to improve self-healing polymers. These novel curing agents enhance polymer blend compatibility, leading to effective thermally-induced self-healing and potential for 3D printing applications.

Keywords:
Diels–Alder reactionmechanical propertiespolyurethaneself-healingthermal properties

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Self-healing materials require effective blending of prepolymers and curing agents for optimal efficiency.
  • Bismaleimide curing agents exhibit poor affinity with furan-based matrices, hindering self-healing in polyurethanes.
  • Component incompatibility can lead to reduced healing effectiveness and undesirable side effects like crystallization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel di- and tetrafuranic isocyanate-related ureas as curing agents for self-healing polyurethanes.
  • To overcome the limitations of bismaleimide curing agents in furan-containing elastomeric matrices.
  • To explore the potential of these new materials for applications like 3D printing.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of furanic urea compounds using common isocyanates (MDI, TDI, HDI) and furanic sources (furfurylamine, difurfurylamine, furfuryl alcohol).
  • Fabrication of a self-healing polyurethane using a maleimide-terminated prepolymer and a synthesized T-series urea.
  • Characterization of self-healing properties via thermal analysis and molecular mass determination using gel permeation chromatography.

Main Results:

  • The developed furanic urea compounds demonstrated improved compatibility with the polymer matrix.
  • The synthesized polyurethane exhibited effective thermally-induced self-healing abilities, confirmed by visual tests.
  • The resulting polyurethane possesses a low fusing point, indicating suitability for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing.

Conclusions:

  • Novel furanic urea derivatives serve as effective curing agents for developing advanced self-healing polyurethane materials.
  • The improved compatibility of these new agents enhances the overall self-healing efficiency.
  • The low fusing point and self-healing capabilities make the resulting polyurethane a promising candidate for FDM 3D printing.