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Errors in Global Positioning System

Errors in Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...

Field Application of Global Positioning System

Field Application of Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...

Introduction to Global Positioning System

Introduction to Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...

Adjusting a Traverse

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In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Pedicle Screw Placement Using an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in a Porcine Model

Pedicle Screw Placement Using an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in a Porcine Model

Published on: May 24, 2024

Augmented Reality to Compensate for Navigation Inaccuracies.

Miriam H A Bopp^1,2, Felix Corr^1,3, Benjamin Saß¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|December 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microscope-based augmented reality (AR) enhances surgical navigation accuracy by enabling real-time monitoring and compensation for misalignments using intracranial and extracranial landmarks. This technology improves patient safety through precise registration and navigation in complex procedures.

Keywords:

AR augmented reality brain shift head-up display microscope-based navigation navigation accuracy navigation update spatial realignment

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Last Updated: Aug 16, 2025

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Augmented Reality Navigation-Guided Core Decompression for Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head

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A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Published on: August 26, 2018

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Medical Imaging
Augmented Reality Technology

Background:

Accurate surgical navigation is critical for patient safety and procedural success.
Augmented reality (AR) offers potential for enhanced visualization during complex interventions.
Evaluating AR's real-world performance in neurosurgery requires rigorous assessment of its registration and navigation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the accuracy of microscope-based augmented reality (AR) for registration and navigation using extracranial and intracranial landmarks.
To explore AR's potential in compensating for navigation inaccuracies during neurosurgical procedures.
To identify opportunities and challenges associated with implementing AR in surgical navigation.

Main Methods:

A consecutive series of 293 patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures.
Intraoperative computed tomography (CT)-based registration for initial accuracy assessment.
Evaluation of navigation accuracy by overlaying pre-segmented data onto patient anatomy.
Compensation for spatial misalignments using translational and rotational transformations.

Main Results:

High initial registration accuracy achieved with a mean target registration error of 0.84 ± 0.36 mm.
Mismatches observed in 2/85 cases with bony landmarks, 43/242 with cortical vascular structures, and 2/40 with cortex representations.
Successful spatial compensation performed in all cases of detected misalignment, improving navigation accuracy.
Mean correction values: bone (6.27 ± 7.31 mm), vascular (3.00 ± 1.93 mm, 0.38° ± 1.06°), and cortex (5.31 ± 1.57 mm, 1.75° ± 2.47°).

Conclusions:

Microscope-based AR provides straightforward intraoperative monitoring of navigation accuracy.
AR enables effective compensation for spatial misalignments, enhancing surgical precision.
The integration of AR technology increases overall patient safety in neurosurgical interventions.