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Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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Near-IR & Mid-IR Silicon Photonics Modulators.

Georgi V Georgiev1, Wei Cao1, Weiwei Zhang1

  • 1Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Advancements in group IV photonic modulators are crucial for meeting future data demands. This review covers near-IR, mid-IR, and long-wave infrared developments, highlighting high data rates and new platforms.

Keywords:
PAM-4depletiongermaniummodulatorssilicon photonics

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and optoelectronics
  • Materials science
  • Electrical engineering

Background:

  • The increasing demand for data capacity necessitates advancements in optical communication technologies.
  • Silicon photonics is a mature field, but new modulator technologies are required to meet future bandwidth needs.
  • Group IV materials offer promising solutions for high-performance photonic modulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current developments in near-infrared (near-IR) and mid-infrared (mid-IR) group IV photonic modulators.
  • To analyze trends in optical and electrical co-integration for high-speed modulation.
  • To explore emerging platforms for long-wave infrared (LWIR) modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and industry developments.
  • Analysis of modulation data rates and coding schemes (e.g., PAM-4).
  • Examination of co-integration techniques for modulators and drivers.

Main Results:

  • Near-IR modulators achieve 112 GBaud through optical and electrical co-integration.
  • Short-wave infrared modulators utilize PAM-4 coding for up to 40 GBaud.
  • Mid-IR modulators demonstrate thermo-optic effects, and germanium platforms enable LWIR modulation up to 10.7 μm at 225 MBaud.

Conclusions:

  • Group IV photonic modulators are essential for meeting the escalating data capacity demands.
  • Co-integration and advanced coding schemes are driving higher data rates in near- and mid-IR.
  • Emerging germanium-based platforms show potential for future LWIR optical communication systems.