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Total Voids in Concrete01:12

Total Voids in Concrete

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Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Design Example: Alignment of a Road Line Using GIS01:17

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The alignment of a road line using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a critical process in civil engineering, combining advanced technology with practical decision-making. This methodology begins with the collection of geospatial data, including information on land cover, geomorphology, drainage patterns, slope, and contour details. Such data is typically acquired through satellite imagery and GIS tools, offering a comprehensive understanding of the terrain.Once the data is gathered, it...
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Permeability of Concrete01:25

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Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
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Plane Potential Flows01:23

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Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
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Evaluation of Void Defects behind Tunnel Lining through GPR forward Simulation.

Xianlong Wu1,2, Xiaohua Bao1,2, Jun Shen1,2

  • 1College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) effectively detects voids in tunnel linings. This study simulated GPR detection using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, verifying its accuracy for identifying defects and ensuring tunnel safety.

Keywords:
finite difference time domain (FDTD)forward modelingground-penetrating radar (GPR)tunnel liningvoid

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Geophysics
  • Non-Destructive Testing

Background:

  • Tunnel lining voids are common defects that compromise structural integrity and safety.
  • Effective detection methods are crucial for maintaining tunnel infrastructure.
  • Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) offers a non-destructive approach for subsurface investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the application of GPR for detecting voids in tunnel linings.
  • To develop and validate a forward model for simulating GPR void detection using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method.
  • To analyze the influence of void characteristics (size, fill material) on GPR responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to create a forward model for GPR simulation.
  • Analyzed simulated GPR images using a binarization method to compare void areas.
  • Considered both plain and reinforced concrete linings with air-filled and water-filled voids of various sizes.
  • Validated the model's rationality with measured GPR data.

Main Results:

  • GPR void detection model demonstrated accuracy when compared with field data.
  • Observed void response modes include hyperbolic, bowl-shaped, and strip-shaped, dependent on void width.
  • Water-filled voids exhibited an increased response range and produced virtual images compared to air-filled voids.
  • Steel reinforcement caused interference, but 3D GPR accurately located void centers.

Conclusions:

  • The FDTD-based GPR forward model is a reliable tool for simulating tunnel lining void detection.
  • GPR can effectively identify and characterize voids in tunnel linings, differentiating between air and water filling.
  • Despite interference from reinforcement, 3D GPR provides accurate void localization, crucial for tunnel safety assessments.