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Transcutaneous Functional Electrical Stimulation Controlled by a System of Sensors for the Lower Limbs: A Systematic
Layal Chaikho1,2, Elizabeth Clark3, Maxime Raison1,2
1Lab of Intelligent Biomechanics, Robotics, and Rehab Technology (LIBRTy), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079 Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 23, 2022
Summary
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) uses sensors and control strategies to restore lower limb function. Nonlinear controllers are increasingly used, but more research is needed for systems using inertial sensors and patient validation.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Engineering
- Rehabilitation Technology
Background:
- Transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation (FES) aims to restore lower limb functions like walking and standing.
- Effective FES requires sensors for feedback on muscle activity and movement biomechanics.
- Nonlinear, time-varying muscle responses and fatigue necessitate careful selection of sensors and control strategies.
Approach:
- This review synthesizes state-of-the-art, emerging, and previous control strategies for transcutaneous FES systems targeting lower limbs.
- A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Compendex and Inspec databases, including 135 articles.
- Focus is placed on sensor types and control approaches, particularly for lower limb applications.
Key Points:
- Inertial sensors are increasingly favored in recent FES studies, with a rise in electromyogram usage for lower limbs.
- Nonlinear controllers are gaining traction to address the inherent complexities of FES-induced muscle responses.
- Development is ongoing for FES systems integrating inertial sensors with nonlinear control.
Conclusions:
- Further research is essential to advance FES systems employing inertial sensors with nonlinear control.
- Clinical validation of nonlinear control systems in patients with neuromuscular disorders is crucial.
