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Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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The "Gravity" for global virtual water flows: From quantity and quality perspectives.

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Virtual water trade (VWT) balances national water budgets. Socio-economic status and agriculture significantly drive VWT, impacting water pollution and resource management strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Resource Management
  • International Trade

Background:

  • Virtual water trade (VWT) is recognized for its potential to balance national water budgets and promote global water savings.
  • Understanding the drivers of VWT is crucial, considering human needs for both water quantity and quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of multiple factors on green, blue, and grey water trading flows.
  • To examine the interplay between socio-economic status, agricultural activities, water resource endowment, and economic structure in VWT.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Multiregional Input-Output (MRIO) and gravity models.
  • Analyzed virtual water trading flows among 177 countries for the year 2014.

Main Results:

  • Several factors showed strong correlations with grey water trade, providing insights into water pollution management.
  • Socio-economic status and agricultural activities were confirmed as significant drivers of VWT.
  • Economic structure had a greater influence on VWT flows than water resource endowment.

Conclusions:

  • Findings offer valuable insights for water resource management, particularly concerning water pollution.
  • Decision-makers can optimize economic structures by integrating water quantity and quality considerations for sustainable water resource management.