Sequences and studies of bacteriophage T4 rII mutants

We have sequenced more than 80 mutants of the bacteriophage T4 rIIA and rIIB genes. These include deletions about whose origin we have speculated, mutations affecting the rIIB promoters, various pseudo-revertants of the rII- phenotype, including mutations that bring about the reinitiation of translation following termination, mutations that affect regulation of rIIB translation by regA, the toxic minute plaquing mutants FC237 and FC238 and their detoxifiers, and many more of the classic frameshifts from the Cambridge collection. These mutants have been sequenced using dideoxy-mediated chain termination by either Escherichia coli DNA polymerase using single-stranded DNA as a template or by avian retroviral reverse transcriptase using mRNA or DNA as the template molecule. We list the sequence changes of the mutants with pertinent historic and phenotypic data. The mutants that facilitate translation reinitiation are discussed, and we discuss a model that could account for the generation of many of the mutations.