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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
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Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
08:09

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Published on: February 11, 2017

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Alexithymia and emotion regulation.

David A Preece1, Ashish Mehta2, Kate Petrova2

  • 1Curtin University, School of Population Health, Perth, Australia; Curtin University, Curtin enAble Institute, Perth, Australia; University of Western Australia, School of Psychological Science, Perth, Australia.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|December 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

People with high alexithymia (difficulty identifying emotions) use fewer adaptive emotion regulation strategies, like seeking social support, and more maladaptive ones, such as expressive suppression. This finding highlights a key difference in how individuals manage emotions based on alexithymia levels.

Keywords:
AlexithymiaBehavioralCognitiveEmotion regulationProcess model of emotion regulationStrategies

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychopathology

Background:

  • Alexithymia is a significant risk factor for psychopathologies.
  • It is theorized to impair emotion regulation, but this is underexplored.
  • This study investigates emotion regulation strategy differences across alexithymia levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine if individuals with high, average, or low alexithymia levels differ in their typical emotion regulation strategy use.
  • To clarify the relationship between alexithymia and specific emotion regulation tactics.

Main Methods:

  • Surveyed 501 US adults on alexithymia and emotion regulation.
  • Grouped participants into high, average, and low alexithymia quantiles.
  • Controlled for demographics and current distress levels.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in emotion regulation strategy use were found between alexithymia groups.
  • High alexithymia group used less adaptive strategies (cognitive reappraisal, problem-approach, social support).
  • High alexithymia group used more maladaptive strategies (expressive suppression, behavioral withdrawal, ignoring).

Conclusions:

  • Results support the link between alexithymia and impaired emotion regulation.
  • Individuals with high alexithymia exhibit a less adaptive emotion regulation profile.
  • Targeting these specific emotion regulation patterns in psychotherapy may benefit those with high alexithymia.